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Floating gastroretentive microspheres of a Glycyrrhiza glabra anti-ulcer extract: structure-based target engagement of the root constituents and simulation of the input rate required for prolonged gastric action

Abstract

Background. Peptic ulcer disease still accounted for roughly 8.09 million prevalent cases and 6.03 million disability-adjusted life years worldwide in 2019, and licorice root remains one of the most widely used traditional treatments for it. Two questions stand between that traditional use and a rational dosage form. Which constituents of the root plausibly engage the molecular machinery of gastric injury, and what release rate would a gastroretentive carrier actually have to deliver. Objective. To rank the documented root constituents of Glycyrrhiza glabra against two structurally characterised gastric targets, and to determine the input-rate window over which a floating gastroretentive microsphere would prolong exposure rather than waste it. Methods. Thirteen root constituents and four reference drugs were profiled for calculated physicochemical properties and drug-likeness in RDKit, then docked with AutoDock Vina 1.2.7 into the gastric H+/K+-ATPase (PDB 5YLU, 2.80 A) and human cyclooxygenase-2 (PDB 5KIR, 2.70 A). Each protocol was validated by redocking its co-crystallised ligand. Exposure was then simulated in a one-compartment oral model built from published non-compartmental values for 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, with the apparent absorption rate constant treated as the formulation design variable. Results. Redocking reproduced both crystallographic poses, at 0.553 A for vonoprazan in the proton pump and 0.482 A for rofecoxib in cyclooxygenase-2. Eleven root constituents scored between -8.03 and -9.99 kcal/mol at the vonoprazan site, with liquiritin, glabrene and glabridin ranking above vonoprazan itself at -9.25 kcal/mol, while glycyrrhizin returned a positive score and a truncated pose list at both targets, indicating that neither site could accommodate it. Carbenoxolone, the licorice-derived drug licensed for gastric ulcer and not an antisecretory agent, ranked 5.2 kcal/mol behind vonoprazan at the pump, which is the direction its known mechanism requires. Simulated total exposure was invariant across the input-rate sweep at 15.14 mg.h/L, so slowing input redistributed exposure rather than increasing it. Time above the internal reference concentration rose from 5.26 h at the immediate-release rate to a maximum of 7.06 h at an absorption rate constant of 0.20 per hour, then collapsed to zero below 0.10 per hour as the profile flattened beneath the threshold. At a matched daily dose, twelve-hourly gastroretentive input reduced simulated peak-to-trough fluctuation from 193.4 to 85.3 per cent without altering average steady-state concentration. Conclusion. The gastroretentive design space for this extract is bounded on both sides. An optimum exists near an input half-life of three to four hours, and a carrier that releases more slowly than that trades peak concentration for duration it cannot use. All values reported here are computational predictions and require experimental confirmation.

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